Stellenbosch University Language Centre

Tag: International Mother Language Day

Iilwimi zethu zeenkobe: Sifumana ntoni thina?

KwiZiko leeLwimi laseSU, siyabelana ngenkolelo yeUNESCO ekubalulekeni kokwahlukahlukana ngokweenkcubeko neelwimi ukulungiselela uluntu oluluqilima, kwaye siyakwamkela ukubhiyozelwa koSuku lweeLwimi zeeNkobe kwihlabathi jikelele ngomhla wama21 kweyoMdumba kunyaka ngamnye.

USuku lweeLwimi zeeNkobe alukho malunga nolwimi lwakho lweenkobe nolwimi lwam lweenkobe ngokuzimela kwazo nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo lumalunga nazo neelwimi zeenkobe zabo bantu basingqongileyo. Ukuba siyakuqonda ukuba ulwimi lweenkobe lomntu osecaleni kwethu luxabiseke kuye ngohlobo oluxabiseke ngayo njengoko nathi sibazise ezethi, kwaye sikuhloniphe oko, sele sithathe amanyathelo amahle kakhulu.

Kutheni le nto iilwimi zeenkobe zibalulekile, ngaphandle kokuba sifaka iinqobo zangokwasemphefumlweni ku(kwii)lwimi esikhule ngalo/ngazo kwaye saqala ukuzivakalisa ngalo/ngazo? Zingasebenziseka njani ngokuphathekayo kuthi, nkqu nokuba amaxesha amaninzi sisebenzisa ulwimi lwesibini okanye lwesithathu ukuqinisekisa ukuba sinxibelelana ngendlela enceda abanye ekubeni baqonde oko sikuthethayo?

 

Iindawo zokuma uthi tsii gxada zasengqondweni

Iilwimi zeenkobe ziindawo zokuma uthi tsii gxada zasengqondweni. Sonke sisebenzisa ulwimi lwethu lweenkobe njengendlela yokukhulisa ulwazi. Xa ufumana ulwazi olutsha, ngokwesiqhelo uqala ngengcaciso oqheleneyo nayo uze emva koko uthabathe indlela esuka apho eya kwiintlambo zolwazi ongalwaziyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba uqala kwindawo apho uyaziyo ukuba ingcamango ethile iyintoni ngolwimi lwakho lweenkobe, unayo indawo onokusuka kuyo ukuze ufunde okunye, kwaye ungasebenzisa oko ukuqhelileyo njengendawo yokuma uthi tsii gxada uqonde ngayo iingcamango ezintsokothe ngakumbi, nkqu naxa uzifumana ngolwimi olwahlukileyo kolo lwakho lweenkobe.

Ngoko ke, abafundi bangakwazi, kwaye kungafuneka, ukuba basebenzise iilwimi zabo zeenkobe eyunivesithi, nkqu nokuba ulwimi lwabo alululo olunye lweelwimi zokufunda nokufundisa ezingokusesikweni kwelo ziko. Ukuba sicinga ngeSU, le Yunivesithi izibophelele ekusebenziseni isiNgesi, isiAfrikansi nesiXhosa – iilwimi ezisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni eNtshona Kapa. IsiAfrikansi nesiNgesi ziilwimi zokuqala zokufunda, ukufundisa novavanyo. IsiXhosa naso sinokusetyenziswa ekufundeni nasekufundiseni, apho kukho indlela kwaye abahlohli bakufumana kufanelekile ukusisebenzisa, kwaye kukho imfuneko ngokweendlela zokufunda nokufundisa. Le Yunivesithi izibophelele ekuphuhliseni isiXhosa njengolwimi lwezemfundo, nasekunonopheleni isiAfrikansi njengolwimi lokufundisa, ukufunda, uvavanyo nophando. ISU ikwayenye yeeyunivesithi zaseMzantsi Afrika ezimbalwa ezinenjongo yokuphuhlisa uLwimi lokuThetha ngeZandla lwaseMzantsi Afrika. Konke oku kuyinxalenye yogunyaziso lwesizwe lokuba amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo amkele ulwimi lwaseAfrika olunye ubuncinane, apho sigxilisa imithombo yethu yoncedo kolo lwimi, ngelixa ngaxeshanye sinonophela oko sele sikuphuhlisile. Oku kuyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuba sizise ukuphila kuMgaqosiseko woMzantsi Afrika. Ngokuhlonipha iilwimi kwinqanaba lemfundo ephakamileyo, siphakamisa isimo sazo.

Abafundi nabasebenzi baseSU ngokwenene baliqela elahlukahlukene kakhulu kunabantu nje abathetha isiNgesi, isiAfrikansi nesiXhosa kuphela, kodwa ukusebenza ngezona lwimi zeenkobe zixhaphakileyo eNtshona Kapa yindawo esinokuqala kuyo. Kwaye ezinye iiyunivesithi zoMzantsi Afrika ziye zazibophelela ekuphuhliseni ulwimi lube lunye ubuncinane kwiilwimi zoMzantsi Afrika ezisesikweni kwimimandla yazo. Ngale ndlela, abantu abathetha isiZulu bangathi, umzekelo, nabo baxhamle kwimithombo yoncedo engesiXhosa, nanjengoko ezo lwimi zinxulumene ngokusondeleneyo, kwaye oko kuyasebenza nakwezinye iilwimi ezinxulumene ngokusondeleneyo. Kodwa thina njengabantu abathetha iilwimi zeenkobe kufuneka sikhethe ukusebenzisa iilwimi zethu ngokwethu xa ithuba livela.

Ukuphakamisa isimo

Ukuba sifuna ukunonophela, ukwandisa nokuphakamisa isimo seelwimi zethu, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezivakala ngokuhlangeneyo zokwenza oko. Enye indlela kukubhala ngolo lwimi – ngokudalwa koncwadi – ukubonisa ukuba ulwimi lwakho lunako ukuvakalisa iingcinga ezicaphulekayo nemibono engobuchule nentsokothileyo, nokuba lunesakhono sokuguquguquka ngokwaneleyo sokwenza njalo. Indlela yesibini ingokudala isigama sokuchaza iinkalo ezintsha nezingobugcisa.

Kungenzeka ukuba phantse naluphi na ulwimi ngaphandle kwesiNgesi (nanjengoko kubonakala ngathi isigama senziwa ngesiNgesi ngokwendalo kakhulu njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokusungulwa ngokutsha nophuhliso olutsha) ludinga ukuba luphakamise isimo salo ngokuqhubekekayo ukuze lube nokumelana nemekobume yamaxesha angoku. Naluphi na olunye ulwimi, nokuba sisiFrentshi, sisiJamani, sisiTshayina, sisiAfrikansi okanye sisiXhosa, lunomngeni wokuzama ukumelana nesantya, kwaye nkqu nesiNgesi ngokwaso asisoloko sihamba phambili! Kananjalo, isiNgesi singaba naso isigama, kodwa intsingiselo zaloo magama azisoloko zicacile. Isigama sesiXhosa, sesiAfrikansi okanye nkqu nesesiFrentshi amaxesha amaninzi sihlala sichaza nangakumbi kwaye ke ngoko sicacile kubantu abathetha ezo lwimi. Cinga ngegama elithi “koppelaar” ngesiAfrikansi, okanye igama lesiZulu elithetha ukuthi “umthetho osayilwayo”, elithi “umthethosivivinywa”, ngokuthe ngqo lithetha ukuthi “umthetho osayilwayo”. Mininzi eminye imizekelo. Kodwa ingaba sikhetha ukuwamkela nokuwasebenzisa loo magama mahle kangaka, okanye sibhenela kwisiNgesi ngokuzenzekelayo?

Inzuzo enkulu yokuphakamisa isimo solwimi nokusebenzisa iilwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo kukuba senza ukuba iimekobume esiphila phakathi kwazo zibe zeziqukayo nangakumbi. Ukubona nokufumana iilwimi zabo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuyabakhumbuza abantu ukuba bayinxalenye yento enkulu ngaphezu kokuba ziziqu zabo nje kuphela.

Ukungohluki kangako kweemeko

Nanjengoko sibhiyozela uSuku lweeLwimi zeeNkobe kulo nyaka, mhlawumbi kufuneka siqale ukucinga ngale mibuzo ilandelayo: Ingaba lukwenzela ntoni ulwimi lwakho lweenkobe, kwaye ingaba wena ulwenzela ntoni ulwimi lwakho lweenkobe? Xa usebenzisa ulwimi lwakho lweenkobe ekufundeni, kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakwimiba esemthethweni, awuphelelanga nje ekuzincedeni kuphela kodwa kananjalo uxhasa kwaye ulondoloza ilifa lemveli lolwimi lwakho. Ukusebenzisa kwakho olo lwimi kulugcina luphila kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba luyaqhubekeka ukulungiselela amaxesha ezayo.

Kwaye ke ngoko, xa sithatha elinye inyathelo ukuya phambili, elikukuqala ukufunda iilwimi zeenkobe zabanye, sixhasa kwaye sisomeleza ezo lwimi nangakumbi, ngelixa sifumana iindlela ezintsha zokuqondana nokuxabisana.

– ibhalwe nguSusan Lotz, nguKim Wallmach, uSanet de Jager noJackie van Wyk, uguqulo lolwimi lwenziwe nguSipumeze Mrwetyana

 

 

 

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Ulwimi lwenkobe, ulwimi lwentliziyo

Usuku loLwimi lweNkobe: Usuku olunikezelwe kulwimi apho iingcinga zethu zokuqala ziye zathethwa ngomlomo-lilizwe esisenakho ukukholelwa kulo. Sahlukile kakhulu, kodwa le yinto esabelana ngayo sonke.

Ulwimi lwenkobe lomntu luthathwa njengolwimi aluve kuqala eseyimveku nomntwana oselula, olu idla ngokuba lulwimi lomntu ongumama obe noxanduva lwakho usemncinci kakhulu. Ikwalulwimi owathetha ngalo amagama akho okuqala, ulwimi oluthe ngeli xesha ulufunda, lamisela isicwangciso sazo zonke iilwimi onokuzifunda kamva apha ebomini.

Abanye abantu banokuba neelwimi ezimbini njengeelwimi zenkobe ngakumbi xa bephuma kwikhaya elithetha iilwimi ezininzi. USuku lweeLwimi lweNkobe ludala indawo yokuba sicinge ngeso siseko soluhlu lwethu lweelwimi – into ekwaphembelela indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nehlabathi elisingqongileyo. Imalunga nonxibelelwano olunzulu ngokweemvakalelo kunye nethuku lolwimi lwethu, ewe, kodwa ikwamalunga nokuba ulwimi lunokusibeka phi. Xa sidibana nabanye sisabelana ngolwazi siveza ubuchule nolwazi lwezinye iilwimi. Ulwimi lwethu lweenkobe luthungelana neelwimi esizisebenzisa kwezinye iindawo, umzekelo emsebenzini. Ubani usenokukhetha ukungayivumi le ndibaniselwano asuke azicinezele izimvo zakhe – nangona kunjalo, ukuqaphela ukutyeba kwamava ahlukeneyo, iindlela zokuveza izimvo neembono kwenza amaqela omeleleyo – amaqela anokuthi anxibelelane ngcono omnye komnye ngaphakathi nakwabo babakhonzayo.

Ekubhiyozeleni la mandla akhethekileyo kunye nengqiqo yokuba kunokwenzeka phakathi kwethu sonke ngabanye, abanye abasebenzi beZiko leeLwimi babelane ngento ethile ngonxulumano nolwimi lwabo lweenkobe:

Unxibelelwano kunye nobuntu-bomntu 

[us_cta title=”” color=”light” btn_label=””]”Ndithanda ukucinga ngesiXhosa njengobuntu bam. Ndikhule ndiluthanda ulwimi lwam ngaphandle kokukuqaphela oko. Oko kwathi kwaziveza kubhalo lwesincoko okanye kuhlalutyo lwencwadi ngeli xesha ndandikwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ndandikwanayo nencwadi endandibhala kuyo imibongo yesiXhosa. Ndikhumbula utitshala wam ebonisa ugxa wakhe ngencwadi endandiyihlalutyile ndisenza iBakala le-11. Ndingathi yiyo yonke le nto eyandikhuthazayo ukuba ndifune ukwazi nokufunda banzi ngolwimi lwam, njengoko ndaphela ndibhalisela isiXhosa njenge subject ephambili eYunivesithi. Ngelo xesha ke, ndandingazi nokuba mininzi imisebenzi umntu anokuyenza ngaphandle kokufundisa ulwimi, kodwa ndaqhubeka nokufunda isiXhosa ndiqhutywa kukusithanda.”
– Asiphe Sogiba, Itoliki [/us_cta]

Uchulumanco lokwabelana ngolwimi lwakho lwenkobe 

[us_cta title=”” btn_label=””]“Ndiyazingca ngesiAfrikaans. Ndikhule notata waseWest Coast owandifundisa amagama afana nelithi ‘snoek’,/ usnuku ‘bokkoms’ neebokomo [i-mullet enetyuwa,eyomileyo okanye elukhuni ekwabizwa ngokuba yiCape biltong], ‘galjoen’ negaljun. Namhlanje ndisasebenzisa intetho yakhe ayithandayo, ethi ‘Siesa Skipper!’, xa umntu enze into entle.
Ngoku ndingumhlohli onenyhweba yokufundisa abafundi bamazwe ngamazwe isiAfrikaans. Inzondelelo abalufunda ngayo ulwimi lwam lweenkobe iyandimangalisa rhoqo. Kwaye yonke into i-‘LEKKER’ [bayonwabela kakhulu]! Amagama kaNelson Mandela (acazululwe), Ukuba uthetha nendoda ngolwimi lwayo, oko kuya entliziyweni yakhe’, ayinyaniso. Ndiluthatha njengobizo ebomini bam ukuchukumisa iintliziyo zabantu ngokubazisa ngolwimi lwam lweenkobe.”
– uGqirha Vernita Beukes, Umhlohli noMnxibelelanisi 
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Ibonakalisa izithethi zayo 

[us_cta title=”” color=”light” btn_label=””]“Ulwimi lwam lwenkobe sisiNgesi, nolwimi lukatata sisiNgesi kananjalo. Loo nto indenza ndibe ngumohluko kwilizwe lam uMzantsi Afrika, apho bemalunga neepesenti ezintlanu kuphela abemi abanesiNgesi njengolwimi lokuqala.

Ulwimi beluyinto endiyithandayo kakhulu ukusukela ndisemncinci kakhulu. Ndiqale uhambo lwam lolwimi ngokunika ingqalelo ngakumbi kupelo lwesiNgesi oluthandeleneyo kunye nokubiza amagama, kwaye bendikuthanda ukuzama ukusongela intloko yam kubunzima baso. Noko ke, kungekudala ndaqalisa ukufunda isiFrentshi, isiAfrikaans kunye nentwana yesiZulu, isiNgesi sibe sisikhokelo sam ekuboniseni indlela iilwimi ezahluke ngayo olunye kolunye.

Ngokuthe ngcembe ndabuqonda ubutyebi obuziswa kukufunda iilwimi ezininzi; ukuba ubuNgesi obugwegwelezayo ngentetho, nobuchubekileyo bunemvelaphi yesiFrentshi esithethwa kwinkundla yasebukhosini eNgilani kude kube yinkulungwane okanye ngaphezulu edlulileyo, kwaye kwashiya umkhondo wayo ngamagama anjengo ‘courtesy’ (imbeko), ‘liberty’( inkululeko), ‘fraternity’ (ubuzalwana), ‘equality’ (ukulingana), ne ‘university’ (iyunivesithi) kunye buthuntu bamagama eCeltic anjenge ‘quaff’, namanye amagama amaninzi anxulumene nempucuko, imfundo nomthetho. Ndafunda ukuba ubuthuntu bamagama eCeltic anjenge ‘quaff’ (ikwafu) ,‘drink’ no ‘sit’ (sela nohlala) ayinxalenye yeengcambu zesiNgesi zesiJamani kwaye zabethelelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiilwimi zesiJamani ezifana nesiAfrikaans nesiJamani. Kwaye, okothusayo, amagama anemvelaphi yesiZulu afana ne ‘indaba’ (inkomfa, ngeendaba) no‘donga’ (umjelo owomileyo owenziwe kukukhukuliseka ngamanzi abalekayo), ‘babbelas’ ibhabhalazi ngokwesizulu, ‘bonsella’ (ibhasela) ayeyinxalenye yolwazi lwam lwesiNgesi, ethethwa kwincam yelizwekazi laseAfrika. IsiNgesi sam, nendisifunde kwidolophu yakowethu iRhawuti, sikwabonakalisa iinkcubeko ezininzi zabaphambukeli ezitsaleleke kule dolophu inemigodi, apho uqweqwediso lungamandla. Ngoko ke kum amagama e-Yiddish asetyenziswa kwisiNgesi saseMzantsi Afrika anjengo ‘chutzpah’ (ichutzpa), ‘schmuck’ (i-schmakhi), ‘kugel’ (imbumbulu), ‘bagel’ (ibhegi), ‘shabbat’ (isabatha), ‘platz’ (indawo) no ‘meshugge’ (nemeshuge) ongeza ubutyebi kwisigama sam yaye afana nobutyebi obulindele ukufunyanwa.”
–  uGqirha Kim Wallmach, Umlawuli weZiko leeLwimi  [/us_cta]

Uvakalelo lokubuyela ekhaya 

[us_cta title=”” btn_label=””]“IsiAfrikaans yinto endayifunda kumama. Wayenelizwi elingathi yintsimbi, kwaye wayethetha isiAfrikaans ngokungazigwagwisi kunye nokunyaniseka kwaseSutherland eKaroo apho wakhulela khona – isiAfrikaans sikaNP van Wyk Louw. Ebudeni beholide yosapho yakutshanje eSwakopmund ndiye ndachukunyiswa yindlela ekwahluke ngayo apho nendlela endaziva ndisekhaya ngayo, ngaxeshanye. Umntu uva isiAfrikaans kuyo yonke indawo: esitratweni, kwincoko yabafazi ababini abangamaHerero abagaxele izinxibo zesintu; ukusuka kwi-Ovambo barista kwivenkile yekofu: ‘Is mevrou al gehelp … wat gaan dit vandag wees?’ [‘Ingaba sele uncediwe nkosikazi… iyakuba yintoni namhlanje?’]. Ibhinqa eliodola ikofu yalo lime ecaleni kwam lavela laqala incoko. Kamva uye wahlala ecaleni kwam waze wandibonisa iifoto zeSpitzkoppe. Uthi ukhulele eNamibia, kodwa wayehlala eRiphabhlikhi ixesha elininzi lobomi bakhe obudala. Amazwi akhe aphinda amava am: ‘Ingathi ndifikile ekhaya … ndingaphefumla apha.’ Kwimeko yam, le mvakalelo yayinento yokwenza kakhulu nomba wokuba ndiluva ulwimi lwam kuyo yonke indawo; ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nangokungazicingeli: iAfrikaans entle.

Ngelixa lokhenketho lokuhamba ngebhayisikile kumlambo iTsauchab, ndaphawula kwinkokheli yotyelelo yaseDamara kunye nosapho lwam indlela emihle ngayo imithi yomtamariske kunxweme lomlambo: ngesiAfrikaans intsele yomlambo yi‘rivierloop’, (ukubaleka komlambo) kwaye igama elithi ‘loop’ likwathetha ‘ukuhamba’ okanye ‘ukuqukuqela okanye ukubaleka’, kwimeko yolwelo]. Omnye wabantwana bam waphendula wathi: [Akukho manzi apha – iAfrikaans entle theni usithi umlambo uyaqukuqela nje?’] Inkokheli yokhenketho yamisa wonke umntu waza wehla kwibhayisekile yakhe. Wathetha nabantwana: ‘Umama wenu uthetha kakuhle isiAfrikaans- iAfrikaans entle.Yinto leyo nina bantwana eningaze niphulukane nayo.’ Xa ndandimbuza ngemvelaphi yakhe yolwimi, waphendula ukuba usapho lwakhe lwaluthetha isiDamara nesiNgesi kunye nesiJamani kancinci. [‘Kodwa sithetha isiBhulu xa sifuna ukuthetha isiBhulu; xa sifuna ukuthetha kakuhle.’]

Kum, laa ndoda yomDamara yenye yeembalasane zeholide yethu. Ubukho bakhe, kwakukho imvakalelo yokukhululeka ngokubanzi, imvakalelo yobuhlobo nokuqhelana nokuqondana; kwanemvakalelo yolonwabo.
Ndathi ndakumbukela ekhwela ibhayisekile ngamandla phambi kwam kwindlela enothuli, ndakwazi oku ubuhle bolwimi lwam luyachuma, kanye njengeetamariske ezi ethe-ethe ezomeleleyo kwintsele yomlambo owomileyo waseTsaukabhi.”
– uGqirha Carmen Brewis, Itoliki ephezulu 
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Ulwimi olungaphakathi 

 

Sikwanawo nombongo esinokwabelwana ngawo, kwaye sikhethe ukungawuguquleli lo mbongo koko sabelane ngawo kwimo yawo yokuqala ngolwimi lwesiAfrikaans. Lo mbongo ungolwimi njengelifa lomntu, kunye nendlela abacebisi bolwimi lomntu (abazali, ootitshala) kananjalo ube nempembelelo enkulu kwinto umntu ayijonga njengeyakhe.

My taal, my erfenis

 Afrikaaps is nie my taal nie.
Sommige woorde kan ek nie verstaan nie.
My taal
het ek geleer van kindsbeen af
saam met die klingel en tongklap
van die aksent
wat my streek rojaal kweek.

Daar het ek begin verstaan
en geleer my ma en pa se taal.
Met my Afrikaanse onnie
wat berispend die spelreëls aanhaal,
nie tjent nie, maar kind,
nie tjy nie, maar jy.
Idiome sou ek goed onthou:
Iemand wat hard werk
is ʼn werkesel,
anders was dit die rottang vir jou.

My taal kom uit die boeke wat ek lees.
Tussen die blaaie
kon ek kies om iemand anders te wees.
Daar in die stilte van my drome
sonder die kletterende lawaai
in ʼn omgewing sonder energie belaai,
kry my taal sy lêplek
daar sonder die tjy en tjou,
daar lewe ek.

My kom-vandaan is eenvoudig,
tog is alles volop rondom en binne my.
Daar teen die Weskus het ek my asem gekry.
Daar is taal in my erfenis gebrei.
Nou kruip en klou
die wortels van my taal
diep en welig
sonder ophef of kabaal
lewe dit uit my pen
koester dit die erfenis wat ek ken.

– Anne-Mari Lackay, Umququzeleli: Kwiingcebiso kwiLebhu yokuBhala 

KwiZiko leeLwimi laseSU, sikholelwa ukuba lulwimi olusidibanisayo, kwaye siya kuhlala sidibanisa abantu ngokuphucula unxibelelwano nokuqonda.

Ibhlogi ebhalwe Susan Lotz noGqirha Kim Wallmach; uguqulo lolwimi lwenziwe nguSandisiwe Majika noGqirha Lwandlekazi Notshe noAsiphe Sogiba

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